/*-------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Scripts for creating and manipulating custom menus based on standard <ul> markup

Version: 3.0, 03.31.2009



By: Maggie Costello Wachs (maggie@filamentgroup.com) and Scott Jehl (scott@filamentgroup.com)

	http://www.filamentgroup.com

	* reference articles: http://www.filamentgroup.com/lab/jquery_ipod_style_drilldown_menu/

		

Copyright (c) 2009 Filament Group

Dual licensed under the MIT (filamentgroup.com/examples/mit-license.txt) and GPL (filamentgroup.com/examples/gpl-license.txt) licenses.

--------------------------------------------------------------------*/





var allUIMenus = [];



$.fn.menu = function(options){

	var caller = this;

	var options = options;

	var m = new Menu(caller, options);	

	allUIMenus.push(m);

	

	$(this)

	.mousedown(function(){

		if (!m.menuOpen) { m.showLoading(); };

	})	

	.click(function(){

		if (m.menuOpen == false) { m.showMenu(); }

		else { m.kill(); };

		return false;

	});	

};



function Menu(caller, options){

	var menu = this;

	var caller = $(caller);

	var container = $('<div class="fg-menu-container ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all">'+options.content+'</div>');

	

	this.menuOpen = false;

	this.menuExists = false;

	

	var options = jQuery.extend({

		content: null,

		width: 160, // width of menu container, must be set or passed in to calculate widths of child menus

		maxHeight: 180, // max height of menu (if a drilldown: height does not include breadcrumb)

		positionOpts: {

			posX: 'left', 

			posY: 'bottom',

			offsetX: 0,

			offsetY: 0,

			directionH: 'right',

			directionV: 'down', 

			detectH: true, // do horizontal collision detection  

			detectV: false, // do vertical collision detection

			linkToFront: false

		},

		showSpeed: 200, // show/hide speed in milliseconds

		callerOnState: 'ui-state-active', // class to change the appearance of the link/button when the menu is showing

		loadingState: 'ui-state-loading', // class added to the link/button while the menu is created

		linkHover: 'ui-state-hover', // class for menu option hover state

		linkHoverSecondary: 'li-hover', // alternate class, may be used for multi-level menus		

	// ----- multi-level menu defaults -----

		crossSpeed: 200, // cross-fade speed for multi-level menus

		crumbDefaultText: 'Choose an option:',

		backLink: true, // in the ipod-style menu: instead of breadcrumbs, show only a 'back' link

		backLinkText: 'Back',

		flyOut: false, // multi-level menus are ipod-style by default; this parameter overrides to make a flyout instead

		flyOutOnState: 'ui-state-default',

		nextMenuLink: 'ui-icon-triangle-1-e', // class to style the link (specifically, a span within the link) used in the multi-level menu to show the next level

		topLinkText: 'All',

		nextCrumbLink: 'ui-icon-carat-1-e'	

	}, options);

	

	var killAllMenus = function(){

		$.each(allUIMenus, function(i){

			if (allUIMenus[i].menuOpen) { allUIMenus[i].kill(); };	

		});

	};

	

	this.kill = function(){

		caller

			.removeClass(options.loadingState)

			.removeClass('fg-menu-open')

			.removeClass(options.callerOnState);	

		container.find('li').removeClass(options.linkHoverSecondary).find('a').removeClass(options.linkHover);		

		if (options.flyOutOnState) { container.find('li a').removeClass(options.flyOutOnState); };	

		if (options.callerOnState) { 	caller.removeClass(options.callerOnState); };			

		if (container.is('.fg-menu-ipod')) { menu.resetDrilldownMenu(); };

		if (container.is('.fg-menu-flyout')) { menu.resetFlyoutMenu(); };	

		container.parent().hide();	

		menu.menuOpen = false;

		$(document).unbind('click', killAllMenus);

		$(document).unbind('keydown');

	};

	

	this.showLoading = function(){

		caller.addClass(options.loadingState);

	};



	this.showMenu = function(){

		killAllMenus();

		if (!menu.menuExists) { menu.create() };

		caller

			.addClass('fg-menu-open')

			.addClass(options.callerOnState);

		container.parent().show().click(function(){ menu.kill(); return false; });

		container.hide().slideDown(options.showSpeed).find('.fg-menu:eq(0)');

		menu.menuOpen = true;

		caller.removeClass(options.loadingState);

		$(document).click(killAllMenus);

		

		// assign key events

		$(document).keydown(function(event){

			var e;

			if (event.which !="") { e = event.which; }

			else if (event.charCode != "") { e = event.charCode; }

			else if (event.keyCode != "") { e = event.keyCode; }

			

			var menuType = ($(event.target).parents('div').is('.fg-menu-flyout')) ? 'flyout' : 'ipod' ;

			

			switch(e) {

				case 37: // left arrow 

					if (menuType == 'flyout') {

						$(event.target).trigger('mouseout');

						if ($('.'+options.flyOutOnState).size() > 0) { $('.'+options.flyOutOnState).trigger('mouseover'); };

					};

					

					if (menuType == 'ipod') {

						$(event.target).trigger('mouseout');

						if ($('.fg-menu-footer').find('a').size() > 0) { $('.fg-menu-footer').find('a').trigger('click'); };

						if ($('.fg-menu-header').find('a').size() > 0) { $('.fg-menu-current-crumb').prev().find('a').trigger('click'); };

						if ($('.fg-menu-current').prev().is('.fg-menu-indicator')) {

							$('.fg-menu-current').prev().trigger('mouseover');							

						};						

					};

					return false;

					break;

					

				case 38: // up arrow 

					if ($(event.target).is('.' + options.linkHover)) {	

						var prevLink = $(event.target).parent().prev().find('a:eq(0)');						

						if (prevLink.size() > 0) {

							$(event.target).trigger('mouseout');

							prevLink.trigger('mouseover');

						};						

					}

					else { container.find('a:eq(0)').trigger('mouseover'); }

					return false;

					break;

					

				case 39: // right arrow 

					if ($(event.target).is('.fg-menu-indicator')) {						

						if (menuType == 'flyout') {

							$(event.target).next().find('a:eq(0)').trigger('mouseover');

						}

						else if (menuType == 'ipod') {

							$(event.target).trigger('click');						

							setTimeout(function(){

								$(event.target).next().find('a:eq(0)').trigger('mouseover');

							}, options.crossSpeed);

						};				

					}; 

					return false;

					break;

					

				case 40: // down arrow 

					if ($(event.target).is('.' + options.linkHover)) {

						var nextLink = $(event.target).parent().next().find('a:eq(0)');						

						if (nextLink.size() > 0) {							

							$(event.target).trigger('mouseout');

							nextLink.trigger('mouseover');

						};				

					}

					else { container.find('a:eq(0)').trigger('mouseover'); }		

					return false;						

					break;

					

				case 27: // escape

					killAllMenus();

					break;

					

				case 13: // enter

					if ($(event.target).is('.fg-menu-indicator') && menuType == 'ipod') {							

						$(event.target).trigger('click');						

						setTimeout(function(){

							$(event.target).next().find('a:eq(0)').trigger('mouseover');

						}, options.crossSpeed);					

					}; 

					break;

			};			

		});

	};

	

	this.create = function(){	

		container.css({ width: options.width }).appendTo('body').find('ul:first').not('.fg-menu-breadcrumb').addClass('fg-menu');

		container.find('ul, li a').addClass('ui-corner-all');

		

		// aria roles & attributes

		container.find('ul').attr('role', 'menu').eq(0).attr('aria-activedescendant','active-menuitem').attr('aria-labelledby', caller.attr('id'));

		container.find('li').attr('role', 'menuitem');

		container.find('li:has(ul)').attr('aria-haspopup', 'true').find('ul').attr('aria-expanded', 'false');

		container.find('a').attr('tabindex', '-1');

		

		// when there are multiple levels of hierarchy, create flyout or drilldown menu

		if (container.find('ul').size() > 1) {

			if (options.flyOut) { menu.flyout(container, options); }

			else { menu.drilldown(container, options); }	

		}

		else {

			container.find('a').click(function(){

				menu.chooseItem(this);

				return false;

			});

		};	

		

		if (options.linkHover) {

			var allLinks = container.find('.fg-menu li a');

			allLinks.hover(

				function(){

					var menuitem = $(this);

					$('.'+options.linkHover).removeClass(options.linkHover).blur().parent().removeAttr('id');

					$(this).addClass(options.linkHover).focus().parent().attr('id','active-menuitem');

				},

				function(){

					$(this).removeClass(options.linkHover).blur().parent().removeAttr('id');

				}

			);

		};

		

		if (options.linkHoverSecondary) {

			container.find('.fg-menu li').hover(

				function(){

					$(this).siblings('li').removeClass(options.linkHoverSecondary);

					if (options.flyOutOnState) { $(this).siblings('li').find('a').removeClass(options.flyOutOnState); }

					$(this).addClass(options.linkHoverSecondary);

				},

				function(){ $(this).removeClass(options.linkHoverSecondary); }

			);

		};	

		

		menu.setPosition(container, caller, options);

		menu.menuExists = true;

	};

	

	this.chooseItem = function(item){

		menu.kill();

		// edit this for your own custom function/callback:

		$('#menuSelection').text($(item).text());	

		location.href = $(item).attr('href');

	};

};



Menu.prototype.flyout = function(container, options) {

	var menu = this;

	

	this.resetFlyoutMenu = function(){

		var allLists = container.find('ul ul');

		allLists.removeClass('ui-widget-content').hide();	

	};

	

	container.addClass('fg-menu-flyout').find('li:has(ul)').each(function(){

		var linkWidth = container.width();

		var showTimer, hideTimer;

		var allSubLists = $(this).find('ul');		

		

		allSubLists.css({ left: linkWidth, width: linkWidth }).hide();

			

		$(this).find('a:eq(0)').addClass('fg-menu-indicator').html('<span>' + $(this).find('a:eq(0)').text() + '</span><span class="ui-icon '+options.nextMenuLink+'"></span>').hover(

			function(){

				clearTimeout(hideTimer);

				var subList = $(this).next();

				if (!fitVertical(subList, $(this).offset().top)) { subList.css({ top: 'auto', bottom: 0 }); };

				if (!fitHorizontal(subList, $(this).offset().left + 100)) { subList.css({ left: 'auto', right: linkWidth, 'z-index': 999 }); };

				showTimer = setTimeout(function(){

					subList.addClass('ui-widget-content').show(options.showSpeed).attr('aria-expanded', 'true');	

				}, 300);	

			},

			function(){

				clearTimeout(showTimer);

				var subList = $(this).next();

				hideTimer = setTimeout(function(){

					subList.removeClass('ui-widget-content').hide(options.showSpeed).attr('aria-expanded', 'false');

				}, 400);	

			}

		);



		$(this).find('ul a').hover(

			function(){

				clearTimeout(hideTimer);

				if ($(this).parents('ul').prev().is('a.fg-menu-indicator')) {

					$(this).parents('ul').prev().addClass(options.flyOutOnState);

				}

			},

			function(){

				hideTimer = setTimeout(function(){

					allSubLists.hide(options.showSpeed);

					container.find(options.flyOutOnState).removeClass(options.flyOutOnState);

				}, 500);	

			}

		);	

	});

	

	container.find('a').click(function(){

		menu.chooseItem(this);

		return false;

	});

};





Menu.prototype.drilldown = function(container, options) {

	var menu = this;	

	var topList = container.find('.fg-menu');	

	var breadcrumb = $('<ul class="fg-menu-breadcrumb ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix"></ul>');

	var crumbDefaultHeader = $('<li class="fg-menu-breadcrumb-text">'+options.crumbDefaultText+'</li>');

	var firstCrumbText = (options.backLink) ? options.backLinkText : options.topLinkText;

	var firstCrumbClass = (options.backLink) ? 'fg-menu-prev-list' : 'fg-menu-all-lists';

	var firstCrumbLinkClass = (options.backLink) ? 'ui-state-default ui-corner-all' : '';

	var firstCrumbIcon = (options.backLink) ? '<span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-w"></span>' : '';

	var firstCrumb = $('<li class="'+firstCrumbClass+'"><a href="#" class="'+firstCrumbLinkClass+'">'+firstCrumbIcon+firstCrumbText+'</a></li>');

	

	container.addClass('fg-menu-ipod');

	

	if (options.backLink) { breadcrumb.addClass('fg-menu-footer').appendTo(container).hide(); }

	else { breadcrumb.addClass('fg-menu-header').prependTo(container); };

	breadcrumb.append(crumbDefaultHeader);

	

	var checkMenuHeight = function(el){

		if (el.height() > options.maxHeight) { el.addClass('fg-menu-scroll') };	

		el.css({ height: options.maxHeight });

	};

	

	var resetChildMenu = function(el){ el.removeClass('fg-menu-scroll').removeClass('fg-menu-current').height('auto'); };

	

	this.resetDrilldownMenu = function(){

		$('.fg-menu-current').removeClass('fg-menu-current');

		topList.animate({ left: 0 }, options.crossSpeed, function(){

			$(this).find('ul').each(function(){

				$(this).hide();

				resetChildMenu($(this));				

			});

			topList.addClass('fg-menu-current');			

		});		

		$('.fg-menu-all-lists').find('span').remove();	

		breadcrumb.empty().append(crumbDefaultHeader);		

		$('.fg-menu-footer').empty().hide();	

		checkMenuHeight(topList);		

	};

	

	topList

		.addClass('fg-menu-content fg-menu-current ui-widget-content ui-helper-clearfix')

		.css({ width: container.width() })

		.find('ul')

			.css({ width: container.width(), left: container.width() })

			.addClass('ui-widget-content')

			.hide();		

	checkMenuHeight(topList);	

	

	topList.find('a').each(function(){

		// if the link opens a child menu:

		if ($(this).next().is('ul')) {

			$(this)

				.addClass('fg-menu-indicator')

				.each(function(){ $(this).html('<span>' + $(this).text() + '</span><span class="ui-icon '+options.nextMenuLink+'"></span>'); })

				.click(function(){ // ----- show the next menu			

					var nextList = $(this).next();

		    		var parentUl = $(this).parents('ul:eq(0)');   		

		    		var parentLeft = (parentUl.is('.fg-menu-content')) ? 0 : parseFloat(topList.css('left'));    		

		    		var nextLeftVal = Math.round(parentLeft - parseFloat(container.width()));

		    		var footer = $('.fg-menu-footer');

		    		

		    		// show next menu   		

		    		resetChildMenu(parentUl);

		    		checkMenuHeight(nextList);

					topList.animate({ left: nextLeftVal }, options.crossSpeed);						

		    		nextList.show().addClass('fg-menu-current').attr('aria-expanded', 'true');    

		    		

		    		var setPrevMenu = function(backlink){

		    			var b = backlink;

		    			var c = $('.fg-menu-current');

			    		var prevList = c.parents('ul:eq(0)');

			    		c.hide().attr('aria-expanded', 'false');

		    			resetChildMenu(c);

		    			checkMenuHeight(prevList);

			    		prevList.addClass('fg-menu-current').attr('aria-expanded', 'true');

			    		if (prevList.hasClass('fg-menu-content')) { b.remove(); footer.hide(); };

		    		};		

		

					// initialize "back" link

					if (options.backLink) {

						if (footer.find('a').size() == 0) {

							footer.show();

							$('<a href="#"><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-w"></span> <span>Back</span></a>')

								.appendTo(footer)

								.click(function(){ // ----- show the previous menu

									var b = $(this);

						    		var prevLeftVal = parseFloat(topList.css('left')) + container.width();		    						    		

						    		topList.animate({ left: prevLeftVal },  options.crossSpeed, function(){

						    			setPrevMenu(b);

						    		});			

									return false;

								});

						}

					}

					// or initialize top breadcrumb

		    		else { 

		    			if (breadcrumb.find('li').size() == 1){				

							breadcrumb.empty().append(firstCrumb);

							firstCrumb.find('a').click(function(){

								menu.resetDrilldownMenu();

								return false;

							});

						}

						$('.fg-menu-current-crumb').removeClass('fg-menu-current-crumb');

						var crumbText = $(this).find('span:eq(0)').text();

						var newCrumb = $('<li class="fg-menu-current-crumb"><a href="javascript://" class="fg-menu-crumb">'+crumbText+'</a></li>');	

						newCrumb

							.appendTo(breadcrumb)

							.find('a').click(function(){

								if ($(this).parent().is('.fg-menu-current-crumb')){

									menu.chooseItem(this);

								}

								else {

									var newLeftVal = - ($('.fg-menu-current').parents('ul').size() - 1) * 180;

									topList.animate({ left: newLeftVal }, options.crossSpeed, function(){

										setPrevMenu();

									});

								

									// make this the current crumb, delete all breadcrumbs after this one, and navigate to the relevant menu

									$(this).parent().addClass('fg-menu-current-crumb').find('span').remove();

									$(this).parent().nextAll().remove();									

								};

								return false;

							});

						newCrumb.prev().append(' <span class="ui-icon '+options.nextCrumbLink+'"></span>');

		    		};			

		    		return false;    		

    			});

		}

		// if the link is a leaf node (doesn't open a child menu)

		else {

			$(this).click(function(){

				menu.chooseItem(this);

				return false;

			});

		};

	});

};





/* Menu.prototype.setPosition parameters (defaults noted with *):

	referrer = the link (or other element) used to show the overlaid object 

	settings = can override the defaults:

		- posX/Y: where the top left corner of the object should be positioned in relation to its referrer.

				X: left*, center, right

				Y: top, center, bottom*

		- offsetX/Y: the number of pixels to be offset from the x or y position.  Can be a positive or negative number.

		- directionH/V: where the entire menu should appear in relation to its referrer.

				Horizontal: left*, right

				Vertical: up, down*

		- detectH/V: detect the viewport horizontally / vertically

		- linkToFront: copy the menu link and place it on top of the menu (visual effect to make it look like it overlaps the object) */



Menu.prototype.setPosition = function(widget, caller, options) { 

	var el = widget;

	var referrer = caller;

	var dims = {

		refX: referrer.offset().left,

		refY: referrer.offset().top,

		refW: referrer.getTotalWidth(),

		refH: referrer.getTotalHeight()

	};	

	var options = options;

	var xVal, yVal;

	

	var helper = $('<div class="positionHelper"></div>');

	helper.css({ position: 'absolute', left: dims.refX, top: dims.refY, width: dims.refW, height: dims.refH });

	el.wrap(helper);

	

	// get X pos

	switch(options.positionOpts.posX) {

		case 'left': 	xVal = 0; 

			break;				

		case 'center': xVal = dims.refW / 2;

			break;				

		case 'right': xVal = dims.refW;

			break;

	};

	

	// get Y pos

	switch(options.positionOpts.posY) {

		case 'top': 	yVal = 0;

			break;				

		case 'center': yVal = dims.refH / 2;

			break;				

		case 'bottom': yVal = dims.refH;

			break;

	};

	

	// add the offsets (zero by default)

	xVal += options.positionOpts.offsetX;

	yVal += options.positionOpts.offsetY;

	

	// position the object vertically

	if (options.positionOpts.directionV == 'up') {

		el.css({ top: 'auto', bottom: yVal });

		if (options.positionOpts.detectV && !fitVertical(el)) {

			el.css({ bottom: 'auto', top: yVal });

		}

	} 

	else {

		el.css({ bottom: 'auto', top: yVal });

		if (options.positionOpts.detectV && !fitVertical(el)) {

			el.css({ top: 'auto', bottom: yVal });

		}

	};

	

	// and horizontally

	if (options.positionOpts.directionH == 'left') {

		el.css({ left: 'auto', right: xVal });

		if (options.positionOpts.detectH && !fitHorizontal(el)) {

			el.css({ right: 'auto', left: xVal });

		}

	} 

	else {

		el.css({ right: 'auto', left: xVal });

		if (options.positionOpts.detectH && !fitHorizontal(el)) {

			el.css({ left: 'auto', right: xVal });

		}

	};

	

	// if specified, clone the referring element and position it so that it appears on top of the menu

	if (options.positionOpts.linkToFront) {

		referrer.clone().addClass('linkClone').css({

			position: 'absolute', 

			top: 0, 

			right: 'auto', 

			bottom: 'auto', 

			left: 0, 

			width: referrer.width(), 

			height: referrer.height()

		}).insertAfter(el);

	};

};





/* Utilities to sort and find viewport dimensions */



function sortBigToSmall(a, b) { return b - a; };



jQuery.fn.getTotalWidth = function(){

	return $(this).width() + parseInt($(this).css('paddingRight')) + parseInt($(this).css('paddingLeft')) + parseInt($(this).css('borderRightWidth')) + parseInt($(this).css('borderLeftWidth'));

};



jQuery.fn.getTotalHeight = function(){

	return $(this).height() + parseInt($(this).css('paddingTop')) + parseInt($(this).css('paddingBottom')) + parseInt($(this).css('borderTopWidth')) + parseInt($(this).css('borderBottomWidth'));

};



function getScrollTop(){

	return self.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop;

};



function getScrollLeft(){

	return self.pageXOffset || document.documentElement.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollLeft;

};



function getWindowHeight(){

	var de = document.documentElement;

	return self.innerHeight || (de && de.clientHeight) || document.body.clientHeight;

};



function getWindowWidth(){

	var de = document.documentElement;

	return self.innerWidth || (de && de.clientWidth) || document.body.clientWidth;

};



/* Utilities to test whether an element will fit in the viewport

	Parameters:

	el = element to position, required

	leftOffset / topOffset = optional parameter if the offset cannot be calculated (i.e., if the object is in the DOM but is set to display: 'none') */

	

function fitHorizontal(el, leftOffset){

	var leftVal = parseInt(leftOffset) || $(el).offset().left;

	return (leftVal + $(el).width() <= getWindowWidth() + getScrollLeft() && leftVal - getScrollLeft() >= 0);

};



function fitVertical(el, topOffset){

	var topVal = parseInt(topOffset) || $(el).offset().top;

	return (topVal + $(el).height() <= getWindowHeight() + getScrollTop() && topVal - getScrollTop() >= 0);

};



/*-------------------------------------------------------------------- 

 * javascript method: "pxToEm"

 * by:

   Scott Jehl (scott@filamentgroup.com) 

   Maggie Wachs (maggie@filamentgroup.com)

   http://www.filamentgroup.com

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2008 Filament Group

 * Dual licensed under the MIT (filamentgroup.com/examples/mit-license.txt) and GPL (filamentgroup.com/examples/gpl-license.txt) licenses.

 *

 * Description: Extends the native Number and String objects with pxToEm method. pxToEm converts a pixel value to ems depending on inherited font size.  

 * Article: http://www.filamentgroup.com/lab/retaining_scalable_interfaces_with_pixel_to_em_conversion/

 * Demo: http://www.filamentgroup.com/examples/pxToEm/	 	

 *							

 * Options:  	 								

 		scope: string or jQuery selector for font-size scoping

 		reverse: Boolean, true reverses the conversion to em-px

 * Dependencies: jQuery library						  

 * Usage Example: myPixelValue.pxToEm(); or myPixelValue.pxToEm({'scope':'#navigation', reverse: true});

 *

 * Version: 2.0, 08.01.2008 

 * Changelog:

 *		08.02.2007 initial Version 1.0

 *		08.01.2008 - fixed font-size calculation for IE

--------------------------------------------------------------------*/



Number.prototype.pxToEm = String.prototype.pxToEm = function(settings){

	//set defaults

	settings = jQuery.extend({

		scope: 'body',

		reverse: false

	}, settings);

	

	var pxVal = (this == '') ? 0 : parseFloat(this);

	var scopeVal;

	var getWindowWidth = function(){

		var de = document.documentElement;

		return self.innerWidth || (de && de.clientWidth) || document.body.clientWidth;

	};	

	

	/* When a percentage-based font-size is set on the body, IE returns that percent of the window width as the font-size. 

		For example, if the body font-size is 62.5% and the window width is 1000px, IE will return 625px as the font-size. 	

		When this happens, we calculate the correct body font-size (%) and multiply it by 16 (the standard browser font size) 

		to get an accurate em value. */

				

	if (settings.scope == 'body' && $.browser.msie && (parseFloat($('body').css('font-size')) / getWindowWidth()).toFixed(1) > 0.0) {

		var calcFontSize = function(){		

			return (parseFloat($('body').css('font-size'))/getWindowWidth()).toFixed(3) * 16;

		};

		scopeVal = calcFontSize();

	}

	else { scopeVal = parseFloat(jQuery(settings.scope).css("font-size")); };

			

	var result = (settings.reverse == true) ? (pxVal * scopeVal).toFixed(2) + 'px' : (pxVal / scopeVal).toFixed(2) + 'em';

	return result;

};